Wednesday, July 29, 2009

FIELD TRIP 1 AUGUST 2009




CLIMATE TALKS

Thursday July 30, 2009 China says wants climate deal this year - U.N.'s Ban By Louis Charbonneau UNITED NATIONS (Reuters) - China's leaders told U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon that Beijing wants to reach a new agreement on combating climate change in Copenhagen in December, Ban said on Wednesday. A general view shows chimneys from a cement plant in Baokang, Hubei province January 6, 2008, file photo. (REUTERS/Stringer) "I was pleased that President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao assured me that China wants to seal a deal in Copenhagen in December and that China will play an active and constructive role in the negotiations," Ban told a monthly news conference. The U.N. chief returned on Tuesday from official visits to China and Mongolia at which climate change topped the agenda. China recently passed the United States as the biggest emitter of greenhouse gases and together the two countries account for 42 percent of the world's emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions are widely considered to be one of the principal causes of global warming. Nations will gather in Copenhagen in December to work out a new agreement on reducing emissions to succeed the current Kyoto Protocol, whose first phase ends in 2012. Climate concerns are expected to be high on the agenda when U.S. President Barack Obama visits China for a summit meeting with Hu later this year. They will also be the subject of a summit in September in New York on the sidelines of the annual General Assembly gathering of world leaders. Obama and Hu are both expected to attend, U.N. officials say. 'LESS THAN FIVE MONTHS' TO SEAL DEAL Ban said more than 100 heads of state and government were planning to attend the September summit, intended to help build momentum before the Copenhagen conference. He said it would be "the largest gathering of leaders on climate change ever." "Two years ago, only a few leaders could speak to these issues," Ban said. "Today, leaders are walking the road to Copenhagen together. But we have less than five months to seal a deal." The U.N. chief also said he would travel to the Arctic polar ice rim next month to get a first-hand look at conditions there -- above all, the melting sea ice. Earlier on Wednesday, Xie Zhenhua, a deputy chief of China's National Development and Reform Commission, which steers climate change policy, told the official Xinhua agency that industrialized nations must agree to large, measurable cuts in their emissions if a deal is to be sealed in Copenhagen. He was speaking after the United States and China signed an agreement that promises more cooperation on climate change, energy and the environment without setting firm goals. In a speech in Washington, U.S. Democratic Senator John Kerry criticized the agreement, saying, "More could have been achieved." He said it lacked dates, timelines and "specific steps that need to be taken" ahead of Copenhagen. Xie's comments stopped short of Beijing's insistence earlier this year that developed nations should make cuts in greenhouse gas output of "at least 40 percent" below 1990 levels by 2020, suggesting the world's top emitter may be softening its stance with an eye on reaching a pragmatic deal. Industrialized nations say that steep, expensive cuts in emissions are out of reach when they are trying to stimulate recession-hit economies. The key players in Copenhagen have been struggling to reach a consensus on other core issues like financing climate change adaptation programs in developing nations and the transfer of clean technology. (Additional reporting by Richard Cowan in Washington and Emma Graham-Harrison in Beijing) Copyright © 2008 Reuters

HGF227 TEST RESULTS

HGF 227 RESULTS OF TEST 1 (5%) IC/PASSPORT NO MATRIK NO GRADE
8803242 A-
870705135589 94749 C
P981687 102925 A-
871114035273 94756 B+
881122095021 BB4148 C+
890412075437 100585 A-
870807496270 94763 B+
871207125358 94764 B
870422025558 94767 A-
881126355062 100590 A-
880626065112 100592 A-
870703235260 94775 B+
860805526983 89672 B
870729115136 94787 B
880723085692 100606 B+
880213025489 BB4147 B-
881224065771 100612 A
880229075202 100613 A
881011355716 100626 A
880725355174 100627 A
G23084159 102926 A
881008085866 100630 A-
880109355437 100632 B+
890724025906 100638 B
880806065638 100639 A-
880512265343 99224 A-
870802055097 94821 B+
881209065861 BB4149 C+
881204075059 100652 B-
890821036121 100658 A-
880802525588 96546 B
880426355326 103064 B+
871208025340 94834 B+
870628065264 94849 B-
891106035888 100666 B-
880512265116 104460 B-
871202435138 94866 B+
870427115544 94868 B
870110035482 94871 A-
870920055258 94872 B+
890211055106 100672 B+
870622015776 94873 B
871101385266 94882 B
891010145994 100677 A-
870416095138 94883 B+
871129355528 94886 A-
880401355303 100683 B
870210295003 94889 B
871224525580 94894 B+
881012095098 103068 A
871124526164 94897 B+
880312085436 100695 A-
G22266227 102930 A
891105035624 100697 B
890212075176 100698 A-
861105296026 89780 A-
890317035832 100702 B
880915075173 100710 B-
860920355761 100713 B+
880401075280 100716 A
881029355044 100717 A
881104355504 100722 A
880718355694 100726 B+
890215085644 100729 A-
G23083075 102931 C-
880508015632 100730 A-
880225055220 100732 A
871005236033 100733 A-
G23378340 102932 B-

Saturday, July 25, 2009

HGF227 Topik Tutorial 2

2(a) Bincangkan bagaimana Bahangan Suria berupaya berubah-ubah dalam berbagai bentuk tenaga.
Jawapan: e.g. Bahangan Suria diserap oleh air yang menjadi panas – hal ini menyebabkan Tenaga Suria berubah menjadi Tenaga Haba Rasa; Apabila tenaga haba rasa tersejat ke dalam wap, ia akan berubah menjadi tenaga haba pendam; Apabila tenaga suria diserap oleh tumbuhan dalam fotosintesis, ia akan berubah menjadi tenaga kimia; ada banyak contoh lagi – cuba bincangkan semua contoh-contoh itu dalam tutorial.

(b) Bincangkan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan penyerapan tenaga suria berbeza-beza di merata tempat di dunia.
Jawapan: (1) Faktor-faktor angkasa – (i) Intensiti aktiviti matahari (e.g. tompok matahari); (ii) Gerhana; (iii) Orbit Bumi; (iv) Komet & asteroid bertembung dengan bumi; (2) Faktor-faktor atmosfera – (i) awan; (ii) tahap pencemaran udara (3) faktor-faktor bumi – (i) albedo; (ii) garislintang; (iii) kebujuran bumi; (iv) aspek atau orientasi cerun; (v) laut atau daratan; (v) sifat permukaan yang diubah oleh manusia (e.g. tebang hutan dan gantikannya dengan Bandar)
(c) Walaupun zun-zun garislintang berbeza menerima jumlah taburan bahangan suria yang berbeza-beza (ada zun-zun positif dikenali sebagai "Sumber haba" dan ada zun-zun negatif dikenali sebagai "Benaman Haba"), kenapa zun-zun tersebut tidak menjadi terlapau panas atau terlampau sejuk?
Jawapan: ini disebabkan ada daya-daya pemindahan haba (angin panas, arus panas, perolakan haba, etc) dari kawasan sumber ke dalam kawasan benaman & ada daya-daya penyejukan dari kawasan benaman masuk ke kawasan sumber (e.g. angin sejuk, arus sejuk, etc)


Thursday, July 16, 2009

Why Study Climate and Weather?

Why Study Climate and Weather?
(1) For human survival. At this age of global warming and climate change, human lives are threatened not only by climate hazards and disasters but indirectly by disease spreading, water inavailability/drought, desertification, famine, sea level rise, etc
(2) Agriculture - without good climate, agriculture would be difficult and expensive. Poor agricultural yeields lead to malnutrition and famine.
(3) Weather Forecasts - important not only everyday life but also for disaster prevention, agriculture, energy management, aviation, shipping, tourism, industry, etc
(4) Tourism - climate elements such as sunlight and snow, amongst others, are important attractions for tourists. Bad weather deters tourism. Climate disasters "kills" tourism.
(5) Prediction of Future Weather and Climate - Human society needs to predict what is happening to the climate in future to adapt and make changes so that human life can survive.
(6) Industry - Many industries depend on the weather and climate. Example, small scale industries such as batik, belacan, salted fish, etc depend on good weather. Industries also suffer if there are climate disasters such as floods and droughts.
(7) Research, Development & Education - Climate offers an important field of study
(8) Paleoclimate - Study of past climates gives us a better idea of what happened in the past and how not to repeat disasters, and to better manage them.
(9) Resource management - Climate allows us to understand how natural resources are influenced by weather and climate, and how we can manage them better.
(10) Biodiversity - Climate affects biodiversity of species. We need to understand weather and climate if we are to conserve biodiversity.
(11) Interactions of Spheres - Biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, phytosphere, zoosphere, antroposphere, etc interacts in the medium of weather and climate. We need to understand these interactions to manage them.

Monday, July 13, 2009

WEATHER AND WAR

THE WEATHER can be crucial in war. For example, in 1281, the intervention of a powerful force of weather (a storm) saved Japan from a massive invasion by Mongols. Although the Mongols outnumbered the Japanese army, their huga fleet was destroyed by a storm. The Mongol fleet with soldiers and boats were engulfed by a sudden, fierce typhoon which seemed to arise from nowhere, decimated the fleet and the Mongols had to retreat. Hence, the grateful Japanese, who would surely have been conquered, if not for the intervention of the storm, called the wind kamikaze, which means "divine wind."

More recently one of the greatest military leaders in history, Napoleon, was forced to retreat during his army's invasion of Russia in 1812. It was the bitter cold winter that defeated his army. The French army was struck by the bitter cold weather which they were not used to. The Russians also destroyed all food resulting in a starving French army. Hitler also made the same blunder as Napoleon, i.e. by attacking Russia in winter. In February 1943, a bitterly cold winter, Hitler lost 300,000 soldiers in the battle of Stalingrad and another 130,000 were taken prisoner. Read these links
http://www.thetrumpet.com/index.php?q=5455.0.108.0

http://www.historyguide.org/europe/lecture11.html

According to analysis about "Weather and War" written by Mark Cantrell, "......From the harsh winter at Valley Forge during the Revolutionary War to the raging sandstorm in Operation Iraqi Freedom, weather has played an important role in war. Historically, atmospheric conditions invariably would favor one side over the other, but weather’s capricious nature quickly could reverse the advantage, sometimes during the course of a single battle. Often the combatants with a better understanding of the weather would emerge victorious. Today, advances in technology have allowed the military to provide commanders on the battlefield sophisticated weather forecasts, which they use to their advantage as they deploy ground troops or target precision-guided munitions". To continue to read this article, go to this link:
http://www.moaa.org/magazine/March2004/f_weather.asp

In writing about "Weather War", Cdr. Carl O. Schuster, talks about the importance of weather in aerial warfare. He writes "The growing importance of airpower in World War II, combined with its sensitivity to weather, led to an ever greater military reliance on accurate forecasts. Knowing if and when your airfields, your enemy's airfields, or the target area would be "socked in" by bad weather was of vital concern to the combat commanders of that war.....As much an art as it is a science, predicting the weather is dependent on the accurate tracking of weather phenomena, particularly storm fronts, from the areas where they originate. In the North Atlantic and Transalpine Europe, that means gathering weather data in Greenland, the Norwegian Sea, and the arctic regions of Norway itself. Though meteorologists of the 1940s had none of the weather tracking satellites which make that job so much simpler today, they were still able to generate usably accurate forecasts for northern Europe as much as 72 hours in advance - as long as they could get the data they needed from those regions. To continue reading this article, go to http://www.srh.noaa.gov/ohx/educate/atc/ww1.htm

Essay Selection

HGF227 ESSAYS UNDER PROF CHAN (Only Question 6 & Question 34 are NOT selected. The rest are selected by the students as follows. Some students have come into the blog late and selected the same questions which have been taken by earlier registration by fellow students. Please check the blog. If your name is not listed here, then you have selected a topic which belongs to someone else. If this is the case, you need to select Question 6 or Question 34 OR go to select topics from Dr Anisah Lee Abdullah [Bangunan C20 Tingkat Atas Sekali).

1 Berdasarkan unsur awan, huraikan proses pembentukan kilat dan bagaimana kilat mempengaruhi masyarakat manusia. Siti azahani bt azuarmtric no:100698 July 6, 2009 12:58 AM

2 Berdasarkan fenomena Angin Taufan, huraikan bagaimana angin ini terbentuk dan bagaimana angin itu menjadi sumber dan bencana kepada manusia. Tan Hooi Ngoh Matriks no: 100716 July 6, 2009 12:24 AM

3 Berdasarkan fenomena Hujan Asid, huraikan cara pembentukan berbagai jenis hujan asid, serta bincangkan kesannya terhadap ekosistem semula jadi and masyarakat manusia. Liew Mun Shin Matrics number=100630 July 6, 2009 12:14 AM

4. Walaupun tenaga suria telah dikenalpastikan sebagai tenaga berpotensi dan tenaga masa depan, bincangkan bagaimana tenaga tersebut dijanakan dan sebab-sebab tenaga itu belum lagi menjadi tenagar utama di dunia masa kini. Woo Yin San (100732) July 6, 2009 12:41 AM

5 Berdasarkan contoh-contoh tertentu, bincangkan bagaimana tenaga bahangan matahari boleh membawa kebaikan dan keburukan kepada manusia. Siti khairani bt husin(100702) July 6, 2009 1:09 AM

6 Angin global dan tempatan merupakan unsur yang menyeimbangkan taburan tenaga suria yang tidak sekata di dunia. Bincangkan.
Noor Asirah bt Sallehmatric no : 96546
July 14, 2009 7:40 AM

7 Huraikan pengaruh sinaran matahari terhadap kesihatan manusia. Ooi Seong Chuan 100683 July 6, 2009 12:26 AM

8 Huraikan sinaran matahari sebagai sumber. Tan Yee Lynn 100722 July 6, 2009 12:27 AM

9 Huraikan sinaran matahari sebagai bencana. Wan nursyazreen dalila bt wan sharuddin (100729) July 6, 2009 1:41 AM

10 Tenaga angin merupakan sumber tenaga masa depan. Bincangkan. Ahmad Zaki B. Abdul KasliMatriks No: BB 4148 July 6, 2009 3:31 AM

11.Huraikan pengaruh-pengaruh yang menyebabkan perubahan Angin Monsun di Benua Asia. NOOR AZEEMAMATRIC NUMBER:103064 July 6, 2009 12:55 AM

12 Bincangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembahagian empat musim (musim bunga, musim panas, musim luruh dan musim sejuk) di Sydney, Australia. Yap Wai Kiong 100733 July 6, 2009 12:25 AM

13 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan istilah Angkatap Suria(solar constant)? Bincangkan bagaimana angkatap ini boleh berubah dan kesan-kesan perubahannya. Y.Suntheren (100713) July 6, 2009 9:46 AM

14.Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh kandungan awan yang terdapat dalam atmosfera? Bagaimanakah liputan dan jenis awan mempengaruhi cuaca dan iklim? CHEE HUI TENG (100592) July 6, 2009 12:32 AM

15. Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh kandungan gas-gas yang terdapat dalam atmosfera? Bagaimanakah keseimbangan gas-gas tersebut berubah dan apakah kesan-kesannya? Lee Tze Sing 100626 July 6, 2009 12:29 AM

16.Kelaskan sumber-sumber pencemaran udara di atmosfera di Kuala Lumpur dan bincangkan punca-punca setiap kelas. Bagaimanakah pencemaran udara mempengaruhi iklim? Neoh Keng Chye (100652) July 6, 2009 12:09 AM

17. TIADA PELAJAR DAFTAR - Huraikan Perjanjian Antarabangsa Kyoto Protokol. Bincangkan keberkesanan perjanjian itu untuk mengawal perubahan iklim. Apakah cadangan anda untuk memperkukuhkan lagi perjanjian tersebut?

18. Bincangkan peranan yang dimanikan oleh Perjanjian Antarabangsa Montreal Protokol dalam menangani isu pembocoran lapisan ozon. Pekeri bin mohamed matric number : 94889 July 6, 2009 4:36 AM

19. Apakah ozon? Bincangkan pembentukan ozon, pemusnahan ozon, dan cara-cara sesuai untuk mengawal pembocoran lapisan ozon. Kelvin Ying @ Tang Shee Wei No. Matriks: 100612 July 6, 2009 12:16 AM

20. Apakah sinaran lampau ungu? Bincangkan kesan-kesan sinaran tersebut terhadap manusia dan hidupan lain. Tan Lean Ping Matric No: 100717 July 6, 2009 12:16 AM

21. Huraikan bagaimana hujan airbatu terbentuk dan bincangkan kesan-kesannya. Berikan cadangaan untuk mengawal fenomena itu. Name: Chan Lin Shan Matric no: 100590 July 6, 2009 12:36 AM

22. Bincangkan tren perubahan suhu sedunia sejak zaman ais yang terbaru dan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan suhu ini berlaku. WONG PEI CHIN (100730) July 6, 2009 12:19 AM

23. Bincangkan bagaimana unsur-unsur iklim mempengaruhi keselesaan manusia. Cadangkan cara-cara mengatasinya jika sesuatu unsur didapati membawa kepada ketidakselesaan. SHARON A/P ANTHONYSAMY Matric No:100695 July 6, 2009 1:18 AM

24. Bincangkan kenapa unsur-unsur iklim di London agak berbeza berbanding dengan unsur-unsur iklim di Kuala Lumpur. name:Azila Bt Abdul Karimno matrik: 94767 July 6, 2009 9:25 AM

25. Bincangkan ciri-ciri tempoh “Little Ice Age” yang bermula 1650, dan 1770, dan 1850, setiap tempoh tersebut dipisahkan oleh pemanasan pendek. Bincankan juga kesan-kesan tempoh tersebut ke atas masyarakat manusia. Nur hidayah ghazali Matrixs no: 94868 July 6, 2009 9:41 AM

26. TIADA PELAJAR DAFTAR - Bincangkan bagaimana kelembapan mempengaruhi kesihatan manusia.

27. Bincangkan bagaimana kandungan atmosfera mempengaruhi kesihatan manusia. Mohd Radhi bin Abd Rashid 94821 July 6, 2009 1:49 AM

28.Bincangkan bagaimana iklim mempengaruhi pertanian di Malaysia. Renuka a/p Radakrishnanno.matrik : 103068 July 6, 2009 12:37 AM

29. Bincangkan bagaimana industri mempengaruhi iklim.Nama:Nik Muhammad Faiz Bin Nik Mhd AzharNo.matrik:100658 July 6, 2009 1:40 AM

30. Bincangkan bagaimana iklim mempengaruhi industri di Malaysia Mazratul amyra bt abdul rashid matriks no:100638 July 6, 2009 1:17 AM

31.Bincangkan bagaimana suhu mempengaruhi pertanian di Malaysia H'NG YIN MUN (100606) July 6, 2009 12:38 AM

32. Apakah yang difahamkan dengan istilah “Pemanasan Global”? Kenapa fenomena ini berlaku, dan bagaimanakah ianya boleh dikawal? Lee Yen Wern Matriks no:100627 July 6, 2009 12:09 AM

33.Apakah yang difahamkan dengan istilah “Kesan Rumah Hijau”? Kenapa fenomena ini berlaku, dan bagaimanakah ianya mempengaruhi suhu global? Soon Kean Choon (100710) July 6, 2009 12:10 AM

34. "Apakah yang difahamkan dengan istilah Kubah Habuk? Kenapa fenomena ini berlaku dan bagaimanakah ianya boleh dikawal?
Aslini Binti Achmad (94764) July 14, 2009 2:51 AM

35 Apakah yang difahamkan dengan istilah “Pulau Haba Bandar”? Adakah fenomena tersebut berlaku di bandar-bandar di Malaysia? Bagaimanakah fenomena ini boleh dikawal? THILSATH Matric No :100726 July 6, 2009 12:35 AM

Thursday, July 2, 2009

DAFTAR UNTUK TOPIK ESEI SIDANG 2009/2010

HGF 227/3 TOPIK ESEI 2009/2010 (BAHAGIAN IKLIM DAN CUACA)
SETIAP PELAJAR PERLU DAFTAR UNTUK SATU (1) TOPIK SAHAJA. FORMAT ESEI DIHADKAN KEPADA 3,000 PERKATAAN SAHAJA, DITAIP “SINGLE SPACING”, SAIZ FONT 12 TIMES ROMAN, GAMBAR, RAJAH & PETA MESTI DILETAKKAN DALAM TEKS DAN BUKAN DI BELAKANG ESEI, TAJUK-TAJUK KECIL PERLU IKUT SUSUNAN BERIKUT - PENGENALAN, ISI KANDUNGAN, PERBINCANGAN, KESIMPULAN DAN RUJUKAN. SERAH ESEI ANDA MELALUI EMAIL KEPADA PROF CHAN (nwchan@usm.my). ANDA MESTI TULIS NAMA, NOMBOR METRIK & TAJUK ESEI DALAM EMAIL. BUKTI PENGHANTARAN ESEI IALAH BALASAN EMAIL DARIPADA PROF CHAN. (TARIKH AKHIR HANTAR ESEI IALAH Tarikh Akhir Serah Esei ialah – 28 Ogos (Jumaat) 2009 pukul 5.00 petang)

Untuk daftar esei, email kepada Prof Chan Tajuk esei. Siapa email dulu akan dapat topik berkenaan. Selepas 1 topik telah dipilih, ia tidak boleh dipili lagi. Lihat blog untuk memastikan adakah sesuatu topik telah dipilih.

1 Berdasarkan unsur awan, huraikan proses pembentukan kilat dan bagaimana kilat mempengaruhi masyarakat manusia.

2 Berdasarkan fenomena Angin Taufan, huraikan bagaimana angin ini terbentuk dan bagaimana angin itu menjadi sumber dan bencana kepada manusia.

3 Berdasarkan fenomena Hujan Asid, huraikan cara pembentukan berbagai jenis hujan asid, serta bincangkan kesannya terhadap ekosistem semula jadi and masyarakat manusia.

4. Walaupun tenaga suria telah dikenalpastikan sebagai tenaga berpotensi dan tenaga masa depan, bincangkan bagaimana tenaga tersebut dijanakan dan sebab-sebab tenaga itu belum lagi menjadi tenagar utama di dunia masa kini.

5 Berdasarkan contoh-contoh tertentu, bincangkan bagaimana tenaga bahangan matahari boleh membawa kebaikan dan keburukan kepada manusia.

6 Angin global dan tempatan merupakan unsur yang menyeimbangkan taburan tenaga suria yang tidak sekata di dunia. Bincangkan.

7 Huraikan pengaruh sinaran matahari terhadap kesihatan manusia. Atau

8 Huraikan sinaran matahari sebagai sumber.

9 Huraikan sinaran matahari sebagai bencana.

10 Tenaga angin merupakan sumber tenaga masa depan. Bincangkan.

11 Huraikan pengaruh-pengaruh yang menyebabkan perubahan Angin Monsun di Benua Asia.

12 Bincangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pembahagian empat musim (musim bunga, musim panas, musim luruh dan musim sejuk) di Sydney, Australia.

13 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan istilah Angkatap Suria? Bincangkan bagaimana angkatap ini bleh berubah dan kesan-kesan perubahannya.

14. Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh kandungan awan yang terdapat dalam atmosfera? Bagaimanakah liputan dan jenis awan mempengaruhi cuaca dan iklim?

15. Apakah peranan yang dimainkan oleh kandungan gas-gas yang terdapat dalam atmosfera? Bagaimanakah keseimbangan gas-gas tersebut berubah dan apakah kesan-kesannya?

16.Kelaskan sumber-sumber pencemaran udara di atmosfera di Kuala Lumpur dan bincangkan punca-punca setiap kelas. Bagaimanakah pencemaran udara mempengaruhi iklim?

17. Huraikan Perjanjian Antarabangsa Kyoto Protokol. Bincangkan keberkesanan perjanjian itu untuk mengawal perubahan iklim. Apakah cadangan anda untuk memperkukuhkan lagi perjanjian tersebut?

18. Bincangkan peranan yang dimanikan oleh Perjanjian Antarabangsa Montreal Protokol dalam menangani isu pembocoran lapisan ozon.

19. Apakah ozon? Bincangkan pembentukan ozon, pemusnahan ozon, dan cara-cara sesuai untuk mengawal pembocoran lapisan ozon.

20. Apakah sinaran lampau ungu? Bincangkan kesan-kesan sinaran tersebut terhadap manusia dan hidupan lain.

21. Huraikan bagaimana hujan airbatu terbentuk dan bincangkan kesan-kesannya. Berikan cadangaan untuk mengawal fenomena itu.

22. Bincangkan tren perubahan suhu sedunia sejak zaman ais yang terbaru dan faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan perubahan suhu ini berlaku.

23. Bincangkan bagaimana unsur-unsur iklim mempengaruhi keselesaan manusia. Cadangkan cara-cara mengatasinya jika sesuatu unsur didapati membawa kepada ketidakselesaan.

24. Bincangkan kenapa unsur-unsur iklim di London agak berbeza berbanding dengan unsur-unsur iklim di Kuala Lumpur.

25. Bincangkan ciri-ciri tempoh “Little Ice Age” yang bermula 1650, dan 1770, dan 1850, setiap tempoh tersebut dipisahkan oleh pemanasan pendek. Bincankan juga kesan-kesan tempoh tersebut ke atas masyarakat manusia.

26. Bincangkan bagaimana kelembapan mempengaruhi kesihatan manusia.

27. Bincangkan bagaimana kandungan atmosfera mempengaruhi kesihatan manusia.

28 Bincangkan bagaimana iklim mempengaruhi pertanian di Malaysia.
29. Bincangkan bagaimana industri mempengaruhi iklim.

30. Bincangkan bagaimana iklim mempengaruhi industri di Malaysia.

31 Bincangkan bagaimana suhu mempengaruhi pertanian di Malaysia.

32. Apakah yang difahamkan dengan istilah “Pemanasan Global”? Kenapa fenomena ini berlaku, dan bagaimanakah ianya boleh dikawal?

33. Apakah yang difahamkan dengan istilah “Kesan Rumah Hijau”? Kenapa fenomena ini berlaku, dan bagaimanakah ianya mempengaruhi suhu global?

34 Apakah yang difahamkan dengan istilah “Kubah Habuk”? Kenapa fenomena ini berlaku, dan bagaimanakah ianya boleh dikawal?

35 Apakah yang difahamkan dengan istilah “Pulau Haba Bandar”? Adakah fenomena tersebut berlaku di bandar-bandar di Malaysia? Bagaimanakah fenomena ini boleh dikawal?